The Slower Road

In this final part, we learn about the perils of travel, and the abysmal state of American roads in the eighteenth century. Once again, the information is from the Maryland Geological Survey (1899).

Danger, as well as discomfort, attends the passage of the many ferries which are found on the line of the main road. If the wind is high the trip is perilous as well as uncomfortable. If the water is low we may have to mount upon the backs of sturdy watermen and so be “toted” out, with possibilities of descent into the mud.*

But even on land the journey may be filled with discomfort. One traveler has left a particularly dolorous account of his misfortunes, experienced, strange to say, upon the main road from Philadelphia via Baltimore to Washington. His own words must recount his adventures: “But the best cultivated parts of the country are not seen from the road, which passes chiefly over barren and hilly tracts, called ‘ridges.’ The reason for carrying the road over these is, because it is found to be longer than if carried over the flat part of the country, where the soil is deep, a circumstance which the people of Maryland always take into consideration; for after a road is once cut, they never take pains to keep it in good repair. The roads in this state are worse than in any one in the Union; indeed, so very bad are they, that in going from Elkton to the Susquehannah ferry the driver frequently had to call to the passengers in the stage to lean out of the carriage first at one side, then at the other, to prevent it from oversetting in the deep ruts with which the road abounds: ‘Now, gentlemen, to the right,’ upon which the passengers all stretched their bodies half-way out of the carriage to balance it on that side: ‘Now, gentlemen, to the left,’ and so on. This was found absolutely necessary at least a dozen times in half the number of miles.”

His comments on the road construction of the times are interesting: “Wherever they attempt to mend these roads, it is always by filling the ruts with saplings or bushes, and covering them over with earth. This, however, is done only when there are fields on each side of the road. If the road runs contiguous to a wood, then, instead of mending it where it is bad, they open a new passage through the trees, which they call making a road. It is very common in Maryland to see six or seven different roads branching out from one, which all lead to the same place. A stranger, before he is acquainted with the circumstance, is frequently puzzled to know which he ought to take. The dexterity with which the drivers of the stages guide their horses along these new roads, which are full of stumps of trees, is astonishing.”

Speaking of the travel between Baltimore and Washington, he recites: “The roads passing over these bottoms are worse than any I ever met with elsewhere. In driving over one of them, near the headwaters of a branch of [the] Patuxent river, a few days after a heavy fall of rain, the wheels of a sulky which I was in sank up to the very boxes. For a moment I despaired of being able to get out without assistance, when my horse, which was very powerful, finding himself impeded, threw himself upon his haunches, and disengaging his forefeet, made a vigorous plunge forward, which luckily disengaged both himself and the sulky and freed me from my embarrassment. I was afterwards informed that General Washington, as he was going to meet Congress a short time before, was stopped in the very same place, his carriage sinking so deep in the mud that it was found necessary to send to a neighboring house for ropes and poles to extricate it. Over some of these bottoms, which were absolutely impassable in their natural state, causeways have been thrown which are made with large trees laid side by side across the road. For a time these causeways afford a commodious passage; but they do not last long, as many of the trees sinking into the soft soil, and others exposed to the continual attrition of the wagon-wheels in a particular part, break asunder. In this state, full of unseen obstacles, it is absolutely a matter of danger for a person unacquainted with the road to attempt to run a carriage along it. The bridges over the creeks, covered with loose boards, are as bad as the causeways and totter as a carriage passes over. That the Legislature of Maryland can be so inactive and not take some steps to repair this, which is one of the principal roads in the state, the great road from north to south and the high road to the city of Washington, is most wonderful!” **

* The description of the water journey is from Sutcliff’s Travels in some parts of North America in the Years 1804, 1805 and 1806, published in 1812.

** The stories about the difficulties of traveling by road from Phila. to Washington, and about the terrible state of the roads, are from Travels through the States of North America during the years 1795, 1796 and 1797 (by Isaac Weld, Jr., published in 1799).

In this third part, we learn about some of the joys — and the tribulations — of travel by stage. Once again, the information is from the Maryland Geological Survey (1899).

One advantage certainly was afforded by the vehicles of the last century—time for observation. In such a conveyance as has been described [in yesterday’s post], one might travel at the rate of four or five miles in fine summer weather, but in winter often not more than one mile an hour could be made. Yet time spent in this manner was certainly not disagreeably employed, for many picturesque scenes would present themselves to the traveler. Seated in such a conveyance, he might be entertained as was one gentleman in his journey through Maryland, on a Sunday morning a century ago [that would be around 1799], at the sight of girls riding to the parish church nearby, escorted by a boy perched behind one of the fair equestriennes, for whom he jumped down every few minutes to open the numerous gates that barred the road, and then nimbly resumed his seat without any detention of the party. On a working day one might meet a long procession of horses, mules, or, more probably, oxen, dragging hogsheads of tobacco by pivots driven into each end and shafts attached.*

At another turn in the road one might barely escape collision with a monstrous family coach, escorted by gorgeously liveried outriders, and proceeding on its journey with more style than comfort to its occupants. Again, there is need to pull up sharply in order to yield the road to the more rapid wagon or “coachee” which has overtaken the coach. Numbers of carts are passing along, and farm-wagons, with high-ribbed bows covered with canvas, to shield the farmer from the sun by day and the dews by night. Nearer Baltimore Town one meets large gangs of “wheelbarrow men,” those convicts who, before the institution of the penitentiary system, were condemned to labor upon the highways. Accompanying each group is an overseer, wearing side-arms and often carrying a musket. Here and there are cabins in which the convicts at night are lodged or imprisoned.**

The driver is a steady man with a wonderful knack of avoiding the many stumps and large trunks of trees that fill the road. He guides his horses, usually named after the prominent politicians of the day, more by the different noises he makes than by the use of the reins. Stopping over night at one of the wayside inns one may get a bed for a quarter of a dollar the night. It will not do to appear too anxious about accommodations, for the host, in an injured tone, informs one gentleman that he need give himself no trouble on that score, because no less than eleven beds may be found in one of his rooms. For breakfast or supper one pays half a dollar; for dinner, one dollar. On the bill-of-fare may be found tea, coffee, fish, beefsteak, mutton-chops, sausages, eggs, several kinds of bread and butter, “cakes of buckwheat, &c.” ***

* These stories were taken from Mr. Sutcliff’s Travels in some parts of North America in the Years 1804, 1805 and 1806, which was published in Philadelphia in 1812.

** This tale is taken from M.E. Tyson’s book, A Brief Account of the Settlement of Ellicott’s Mills. (I could not find the book’s publication date.)

*** Most of this description was taken from Volume I of Richard Parkinson’s Tour in America in 1798, 1799 and 1800, although the anecdote about the innkeeper with eleven beds to a room is from Travels through the States of North America during the years 1795, 1796 and 1797 (by Isaac Weld, Jr., published in London in 1799).

In this second part, we learn about early travel by stage in Maryland. Again, the information is from the Maryland Geological Survey (1899).

A glimpse at the methods of transportation in Maryland towards the beginning of this [nineteenth] century, before the turnpikes had been completed, might go far to dispel any illusions as to the “good old times,” of which so much is often heard.

Stage-lines indeed there were, and had been, since 1765, in which year the first line of stage-vessels and wagons was set up to go once a week from Philadelphia to Baltimore by way of Christiana and French-town on [the] Elk river.* In 1785 the Maryland Legislature granted G. P. Van Home an exclusive right to keep stage-carriages “on the publick road from the river Susquehannah to the river Patowmack,” and five years later Robert Hodgson and James Thompson were granted the sole and exclusive permission to set up a stage-line from the Delaware boundary, via Chestertown, to Gresham College on the bayside in Kent county by the great public road on the Eastern Shore, and were also given a right, not exclusive, to run stages from North Point to Baltimore Town. This route seems to have been popular, though stress of weather often made delay in crossing the [Chesapeake] Bay unavoidable. These stages started regularly from Mr. Grant’s tavern in Baltimore every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday morning and at six o’clock on the same days from Mr. James Thompson’s at the Indian Queen, Fourth Street, Philadelphia.**

Another favorite route was by packet up the Chesapeake and Delaware bays, using land transportation only across the peninsula. This was a very old and popular route, perhaps because it took less time. It was not long before rival companies sprang up, one between Frenchtown and Newcastle, and the other from Cecil Court House to Newcastle.***

Very many other stage-lines were afterwards opened. In 1790 one was advertised between Baltimore and Annapolis. The trip was made three times a week, the price being 10s. during the summer season, including fourteen pounds of baggage.**** There were also many stage-lines from the western country.

The vehicle in which one ventured upon such a journey has been minutely described. The coach was a sort of wagon on springs, an open carriage, with a top to it made of boards; and on each side, and at the ends, curtains, to be let down, baize on the inside, and a sort of canvas on the outside, tied with leather ties to the supporters of the top, on the sides and at the bottom, catching on a sort of stud like that of a single-horse chaise apron. The coach has three seats within the carriage and one the coachman sits on before. Thus it carries twelve people, three on each seat, as two passengers ride by the side of the coachman; but the mail-coach carries only nine passengers, the mail lying in the inside of the coach.

* John F. Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia was published in 1830.

** This according to the newspapers of the period – The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser – July 22, 1791.

*** Also noted in the local newspapers (same as above), March 22, 1791.

**** And again from the same newspapers, April 1790.

Here (today and continuing through the weekend) is what I was researching yesterday, when I came across Mr. Parkinson and his information on the costs of waggons and carts.

All of this is information I found in a book called the Maryland Geological Survey, which was published in 1899.

In this first part, we read about the earliest days of horse-drawn travel in Maryland:

At the time of the French and Indian War [1754–1763], Governor Sharpe’s* coach-and-four was out of place upon any other than the main road through the province. In fact, before the Revolution carriages were few in number, and rarely used except in the finest weather. First-rate saddle-horses were much in demand, as the newspapers of the time plainly show. Fox-hunting and horse-racing were among the principal diversions, and the raising and importing of blooded horses received much attention. Members of the Assembly, lawyers, actors, and parsons, and indeed all to whom time was important and speed a necessity, preferred the activity of a Thoroughbred to the lumbering “chariot” of these early times.

In Annapolis the use of coaches grew apace. The family coach, with its trappings and outriders, was a matter of pride in which the society of Annapolis turned out to every horse-race, or drove to Marlboro to see the latest company of players. “They have light and elegant carriages which are drawn by fine horses,” is the comment of the Abbé Robin ** on this phase of Annapolitan life, while Eddis writes just before the Revolution: “Our races, just concluded, continued four days, … and surprising as it may appear, I assure you there are few meetings in England better attended or where more capital horses are exhibited.” ***

* Horatio Sharpe (1718–1790) was Maryland’s colonial governor from 1753 until 1769.

** Robin’s Nouveau Voyage dans l’Amerique Septentrionale was published in Philadelphia in 1782.

*** William Eddis’s Letters from America: Historical and Descriptive: Comprising Occurrences from 1769 to 1777 Inclusive was published in London in 1792.

Once again, I was doing research for one project and found other interesting things along the way.

At the end of the eighteenth century, an Englishman named Richard Parkinson lived near Baltimore, Maryland, for three years. He took detailed notes on his travels, American farming practices, the costs of things, and more. His findings were published (in 1805) in a book titled A Tour in America in 1798, 1799 and 1800: exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture, with its Recent Improvements.

In Section XXVII, he gave an “Account of Waggons, Carts, Ploughs, Harrows: the Price, &c.”

Here’s the part that’s pertinent to our interest in the history of animal-drawn vehicles:

“The price of a waggon in America is one hundred dollars. It is nearly as light made as a coach, and particularly the wheels; for which reason the iron work is not heavy or expensive. The body is generally high on the sides, upright, tilted with bows all over it, and covered with white linen cloth, as they are chiefly intended for marketing [i.e., taking items to market]. The cover keeps the sun off in summer, the frost out in winter, and furnishes the farmer with a place of abode during the time he is on his journey to market; or, when in town, to breakfast, dine, sup, and sleep in. There are generally pumps for water, near to the place where the stands of waggons are; and as the farmer and his horses both drink and sleep in the streets, it is a very necessary duty for the mayor of a town to place pumps for their accommodation. The horses draw double, by a pole, in the same manner as the stage-coaches are drawn in England. There is a trough fixed behind the waggon when travelling; when in the cities it is put on the pole, which is held up like the pole of a curricle, and two horses are placed on each side, to feed. The waggon, being covered with a cloth extended by hoops, is set so as to form a shelter for the horses, as they remain in the streets day and night, during the most severe weather. The driver rides on the near-side hind horse, and has lines to the two leaders. I much approve both of the waggons, and the management of the horses, as the driver has good opportunity to keep every horse to his work. It is as common to see the driver ride on an ox as on a horse. A one-horse cart costs from thirty-four to forty dollars: it is made light, and tilted in the same manner as the waggon. The driver sits in the cart to drive. A two-horse cart costs from fifty-four to sixty dollars.”